The words behind
better decisions.

Companies connected by control, common control or another defined relationship. The applicable legal or accounting framework determines the scope; ownership below 50% is not a universal definition.

A firm or professional managing investments under an agreed mandate. Discretionary authority, permitted assets and fees depend on the arrangement.

An independent examination supporting an opinion on financial statements. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, not a guarantee that every error or fraud will be detected.

A board committee overseeing financial reporting, audit and related controls. Its required composition and responsibilities depend on the jurisdiction and listing rules.

A snapshot of assets, liabilities and equity at a stated date. It describes financial position rather than profit over a period.

The amount recorded for an asset after applicable accounting adjustments. For a company, book equity is assets less liabilities; it is not a guaranteed sale or liquidation value.

Investigation of a business model, customers, market and operations to inform a transaction.

A gain from an asset’s increase in value. Realised gains arise on disposal; tax treatment and holding-period categories depend on local law.

The mix of debt and equity used to finance a business. Debt obligations and shareholder rights differ.

An auditor’s letter covering specified financial information for a securities offering. Its procedures and assurance are limited to the agreed scope; it is not a guarantee of the entire prospectus.

A peer used in relative valuation. Comparability depends on business, growth, risk and accounting—not simply a shared industry label.

Financial statements presenting a parent and controlled subsidiaries as one economic group, with intragroup transactions eliminated. IFRS 10 bases consolidation on control.

The framework through which a company is directed, overseen and held accountable, including relationships among management, the board, shareholders and stakeholders.

The Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. DICA administers company registration through MyCO and supports investment procedures. Registration and a sector licence are different requirements.

A reduction in an existing shareholder’s ownership percentage when additional shares are issued. Effects on earnings or value per share require a separate assessment.

A statement setting out limitations or qualifications. It does not automatically remove legal responsibility.

Providing relevant information to investors or other users. Required content, timing and recipients depend on applicable rules.

Valuation based on future cash flows discounted for time and risk. Match the cash flow definition to the discount rate: enterprise and equity cash flows require different treatment.

A distribution to shareholders, commonly from profits. Payment depends on the company’s decision, share rights and applicable legal limits; it is not automatic.

A company’s securities listed on two exchanges. Trading, disclosure and settlement conditions can differ between markets.

A structured investigation before a transaction, often covering commercial, financial, legal and operational matters.

Profit before interest and income taxes. Check the issuer’s calculation and reconciliation; EBIT is not automatically identical to operating profit.

An evidence-based account of a company’s strategy, business strengths, growth plans and risks for investors.

A securities offering after an initial public listing. New issuance and sales by existing holders have different effects.

Often operating cash flow less capital expenditure. Definitions vary, including enterprise and equity variants. Check the calculation; the amount is not necessarily freely distributable cash.

A company whose role centres on holding interests in other businesses. Whether it controls an investee depends on the applicable legal and accounting tests.

A statement of income, expenses and profit or loss for a period. Profit and cash generation are different measures.

Trading involving material non-public information can violate securities law. The covered people, information and duties are jurisdiction-specific; being a director alone does not settle legality.

Organisations investing pools of money, such as pension funds, insurers and investment funds. Their mandates and constraints vary.

Processes supporting reliable reporting, compliant operations and protection of assets. Responsibilities, approvals and checks should be clear.

An initial project meeting aligning participants on scope, responsibilities, timetable and deliverables.

Market liquidity concerns how readily an asset can be traded without a large price impact. Corporate liquidity concerns meeting near-term payments.

The market value of a company’s equity, typically share price multiplied by shares outstanding. It is different from enterprise value.

Demand for an offering exceeds the amount available. Allocation depends on the offering’s terms; strong demand does not guarantee later returns.

Share price divided by book equity per share. Check the equity definition and reporting date; a low ratio alone does not establish undervaluation.

Share price divided by earnings per share. Distinguish historical from forecast earnings. Zero or negative earnings make conventional comparisons unhelpful.

The market in which newly issued securities are sold to investors, raising funds for the issuer.

An offering to selected investors rather than the general public. Eligibility, solicitation and resale restrictions depend on local law.

Financial information showing the effect of stated assumptions, such as a transaction. Read the basis and adjustments; it is not a substitute for actual results.

An offering document describing the issuer, securities, financial information, risks and terms. Content requirements depend on the market.

Preparing and verifying an offering document with the issuer and relevant advisers, using supported, consistent disclosures.

A transfer of resources, services or obligations involving a related party, whether or not a price is charged. Identify the relationship and applicable disclosure requirements.

Profit attributable to shareholders relative to their equity, commonly using average equity. Check matching scopes and beware distorted ratios when equity is small or negative.

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Myanmar, the securities-market regulator. Its responsibilities include market supervision and securities-business licensing; it is distinct from the Yangon Stock Exchange.

Trading of previously issued securities between investors. The issuer normally receives no new capital from these trades.

Financial instruments such as shares and bonds. Which instruments legally qualify as securities depends on the jurisdiction.

Financial information separated into operating segments. Under IFRS 8, identification follows how management reviews operations, with required disclosures and reconciliations. Also searched as “segmentation of accounts”.

A short market identifier for a traded security. Symbols are exchange-specific; confirm the exchange and instrument, not just the letters.

Demand for an offering falls below the amount offered. The result depends on minimum subscription conditions and any underwriting agreement.

Arranging the distribution of securities. A firm commitment and a best-efforts arrangement allocate unsold securities risk differently.

An estimate of value using stated methods and assumptions. DCF, comparable-company and asset-based approaches can yield different results; an estimate is not a promised transaction price.